A
rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There
are over 100 species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants
that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed
with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and
showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are
native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and
northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their
beauty and often are fragrant. Rose plants range in size from compact,
miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different
species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide
range of garden roses.
The
name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed
from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed
from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward,
Parthian wâr.
Just
what is an ‘Heirloom Rose’? When referring strictly to ‘roses’ an heirloom
roses are also known as “antique” or “old garden” roses, which include those
that existed before 1867. Why that particular date you ask? “La France” the
first hybrid tea rose, was discovered growing in a garden patch and introduced
in 1867 which marked the start of a new era. All classes of roses in existence
before that time were deemed ‘old garden roses’ or ‘heirlooms’. Hence new
classes were called modern roses. The actual heirloom varieties are hard to
pinpoint and fall into several categories; Albas, Centifolias, Damasks,
Gallicas and Moss roses. These antique varieties are as simple to grow as the
modern roses we find today. Admired for their fragrance and large beautiful
blooms every garden should have a few.
The
flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea,
which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and
is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the
petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may
be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points
alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that
develop into achenes. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
The
aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many
of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly
petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most
species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to
black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which
contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called
achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some
species, especially the dog rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa),
are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips
are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then
disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also
eat the seeds.
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