Saturday, April 30, 2016

Famous Parks: Englischer Garten, Munich

Or if you prefer, English Garden. This is the first public garden in Europe, believed to be the biggest city-owned park in Europe, and one of the largest urban parks in the world. In addition to some pretty awesome urban surfing, other attractions include nude sunbathing, a Japanese teahouse and gardens built on an island in the park to celebrate the 1972 Olympic Games. The teahouse was a gift from a tea school in Kyoto. Only in Japan would there be a tea school. Well, maybe England, too. There’s also the Chinesischer Turm, a pagoda inspired by London’s Great Pagoda, which has the second largest beer garden in Munich and seating for more than seven thousand people. Welcome to Germany.

With an area of 1.4 square miles the Englischer Garten is one of Europe's largest urban public parks, larger than New York's Central Park. The name refers to its English garden form of informal landscape, a style popular in Britain from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century and particularly associated with Capability Brown.

When the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph, the last ruler from the Bavarian branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, died childless in 1777, the land passed to the Electorate of the Palatinate archduke and elector Carl Theodor. The new ruler preferred his home on the Rhine in Mannheim and tried unsuccessfully to trade this unwanted inheritance of Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. Understandably the people of Munich returned his dislike. To offset this unhappy atmosphere, Carl Theodor devoted much attention to improvements in the city. Among others, he created an art gallery in the northern arcades of the Residence's Hofgarten ("Court Garden"), and made both the garden and the gallery open to the public (the former in 1780, the latter in 1781).

When the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph, the last ruler from the Bavarian branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, died childless in 1777, the land passed to the Electorate of the Palatinate archduke and elector Carl Theodor. The new ruler preferred his home on the Rhine in Mannheim and tried unsuccessfully to trade this unwanted inheritance of Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. Understandably the people of Munich returned his dislike. To offset this unhappy atmosphere, Carl Theodor devoted much attention to improvements in the city. Among others, he created an art gallery in the northern arcades of the Residence's Hofgarten ("Court Garden"), and made both the garden and the gallery open to the public (the former in 1780, the latter in 1781). The Rumford Monument in the park honours Sir Benjamin Thompson's contribution

The planned location for the Munich gardens was the area north of the Schwabinger city gate, hunting grounds of the Wittelsbach rulers since the Middle Ages. Known as the Hirschanger (or "deer enclosure"), the higher part of the grounds closer to the city was included, while the Hirschau (also meaning "deer enclosure", lower and further north, was not originally part of the plan. Nor was a more densely wooded part to the south known as the Hirschangerwald. The whole area had been subject to flooding from Munich's river, the Isar, a little to the east. This problem was soon removed by the construction of a river wall in 1790, which became known as the "Riedl-Damm" after the engineer Anton von Riedl, who had supervised its construction.

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